Silver is one of the oldest metals known to humanity and is still very important in minting, jewelry, and industry. Silver can be obtained from pure deposits and ores and, like other precious metals, ... read more

The extraction of organics from water is fundamental in environmental, pharmaceutical, process, food, forensic, and other laboratories. Nearly all laboratories that perform organic analyses are ... read more

In an attempt to demystify artificial neural networks (ANNs) and to set the tone of this paper, it is best to start by saying that ANNs are mathematical functions of the form y = f(x, w), where y is ... read more

Research into alternative energy sources is accelerating, with one of the most dynamic areas of interest being the development of devices to harness solar energy. Some industry experts, including the ... read more

Both infrared and Raman spectroscopic techniques are useful for probing the structure of complex molecules. However, they are typically not as sensitive as mass spectrometric techniques and hence have... read more

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a number of regulations to ensure the safety of food manufactured, distributed, exported, and imported in the U.S. The Federal Food, Drug and ... read more

Early interpretations of biological structures using film-based transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were based on the analysis of two-dimensional TEM images, or by the painful reconstruction... read more